Extended Quantum Mechanics

The work can be considered as an essay on mathematical and conceptual structure of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (QM) which is related here to some other (more general, but also to more special – “approximative”) theories. QM is here primarily equivalently reformulated in the form of a Poisson system on the phase space consisting of density matrices, where the “observables”, as well as “symmetry generators” are represented by a specific type of real valued (densely defined) functions, namely the usual quantum expectations of corresponding selfadjoint operators. It is shown in this work that inclusion of additional (“nonlinear”) symmetry generators (i.e. “Hamiltonians”) into this reformulation of (linear) QM leads to a considerable extension of the theory: two kinds of quantum “mixed states” should be distinguished, and operator – valued functions of density matrices should be used in the rôle of “nonlinear observables”. A general framework for physical theories is obtained in this way: By different choices of the sets of “nonlinear observables” we obtain, as special cases, e.g. classical mechanics on homogeneous spaces of kinematical symmetry groups, standard (linear) QM, or nonlinear extensions of QM; also various “quasiclassical approximations” to QM are all subtheories of the presented extension of QM the extended quantum mechanics (EQM). A general interpretation scheme of EQM extending the usual statistical interpretation of QM is also proposed. Eventually, EQM is shown to be (included into) a C-algebraic (hence linear) quantum theory. Mathematical formulation of these theories is presented. The presentation includes an analysis of problems connected with differentiation on infinite – dimensional manifolds, as well as a solution of some problems connected with work on only densely defined unbounded real–valued functions on the (infinite dimensional) “phase space” corresponding to unbounded operators (generators) and to their nonlinear generalizations. Also “nonlinear deformations” of unitary representations of kinematical symmetry Lie groups are introduced. Possible applications are briefly discussed, and some specific examples are presented. The text contains also brief reviews of Hamiltonian classical mechanics, as well as of QM. Mathematical appendices make the work nearly selfcontained. PACS numbers: 03.65.-w; 03.70.+k; 11.10.Lm.; 02.20.+b . Published in: acta phys. slov. 50 (2000) 1–198